The following is an article entitled “The Case for Stocks as a Long-Term Investment.” It was written on October 10, 2008 by Mark W. Riepe, CFA, who is the Senior Vice President of the Schwab Center for Financial Research. We believe that this is an excellent piece for all investors with long time horizons because it stresses the potential benefits of staying the course and remaining invested in the market during this extremely volatile time.
It’s been a tumultuous time in the markets, for sure. While it’s important to learn from the past, good investing requires more than looking in the rearview mirror. You’ve got to keep your eyes on your long-term goals. Even if the recent market plunge set you back, you can still achieve those goals if you keep saving and investing in a disciplined, diversified manner. We believe that for the vast majority of investors, this means not abandoning the equity markets, even if your gut is telling you to do just that.
Here are five reasons why we believe sticking with equities makes sense for most investors.
1. Cash may feel safe short-term, but long-term it’s far from it. Right now, returns on money markets and Treasuries are negative after inflation. So, rushing to cash is not a very sound long-term investment strategy. Of course, everyone needs an emergency fund of three months of vital expenses in case you hit an economic bump in the road. And for that, money market funds or interest bearing FDIC-insured checking deposits work well. If you’re retired, we think you should also have a full year’s worth of spending in cash, so you don’t need to pull money out of your equity portfolio during a bear market, thereby undermining your portfolio’s long-term growth potential. As you can see in the graph below, cash has significantly underperformed stocks over time, and is the best defense against the ravages of inflation and taxes.
Equities have been the best defense against taxes and inflation

2. Stocks are volatile over the short-term, but long-term they remain the key to portfolio growth. As you can see in “Equities Have Outperformed Other Asset Classes” below, stocks (both large-cap and small-cap) have dramatically outperformed bonds and cash over time. During a down period like we’re in, it feels like “this time is different.” But is the present time really so different? The graph below includes periods such as the Great Depression, three major wars (World War II, Korea, and Vietnam), oil embargos (1973 and 1979). In all cases, the equity markets have demonstrated short-term vulnerability, but long-term resilience.
Equities Have Outperformed Other Asset Classes
3. Market rebounds historically have preceded economic rebounds. We believe the economy has been in recession since late last year, putting it at the average length for post-World War II recessions. As you can see in the chart below, which combines all of the 10 prior recessions into a single average line, the market typically peaked about seven months before the recession began, but bottomed quite decisively by about six months into (or 60% of the way through) the recession, with an average peak-to-trough decline of just under 25%.
S&P 500 Performance Pattern Around Recessions

Indexed price-only data from 1947-March 31, 2002. Source: Ned Davis Research, Inc.
Now let’s break that trend down into all 10 recessions. As you can see in the table below, three months after the trough (but still in the throes of bad economic news), the market was up an average 16%, six months later up 24%, and a year later up 32%.
S&P 500 Performance Following Recession Lows
|
S&P 500 Percentage Gain
|
| S&P 500 low date in recession |
3 months later |
6 months later |
9 months later |
1 year later |
| 06/13/49 |
15% |
19% |
27% |
34% |
| 09/14/53 |
10% |
18% |
28% |
39% |
| 10/22/57 |
6% |
10% |
19% |
32% |
| 10/25/60 |
16% |
25% |
28% |
31% |
| 05/26/70 |
17% |
21% |
39% |
45% |
| 10/03/74 |
14% |
30% |
52% |
35% |
| 03/27/80 |
18% |
31% |
39% |
37% |
| 08/12/82 |
38% |
42% |
61% |
58% |
| 10/11/90 |
7% |
29% |
29% |
29% |
| 09/21/01 |
18% |
17% |
3% |
-14% |
| Mean |
16% |
24% |
32% |
32% |
| Median |
15% |
23% |
28% |
34% |
Source: Ned Davis Research, Inc.
We think this recession could be longer and deeper than average, but we do NOT think we are headed into anything like the Great Depression. Not only are we much stronger economically (see below), but there are many more safeguards in place currently to prevent a further downward spiral. Among them: FDIC insurance (which insures bank deposits for consumers who ultimately drive the economy), globalization (which provides a market for U.S. exports), more proactive countercyclical fiscal and monetary policy, and signs that housing may be bottoming.

So, if history repeats itself, the market should bounce back before the economy, and when it does, the bounce back tends to be fast and furious. If you leave for the comfort of cash, you won’t enjoy any of the rebound when it arrives. And if you think you can time the turnaround, beware. That means you have to make two timing calls correctly, getting out and getting in, which experience shows is extremely difficult. Typically, individual investors bail at market bottoms and reenter after the market has had its initial big rebound.
Recoveries are front loaded
|
Average Annual Return Following Bear Market
|
|
12-month period
|
24-month period
|
36-month period
|
| If fully invested |
47%
|
28%
|
20%
|
| 1 month of cash after bear |
33%
|
22%
|
17%
|
| 3 months of cash after bear |
18%
|
16%
|
12%
|
| 6 months of cash after bear |
11%
|
13%
|
10%
|
Finally, the deeper the market has fallen, the faster it tends to come back. Schwab’s Chief Investment Strategist Liz Ann Sonders compares this phenomenon to pushing a beach ball into a pool: If you hold it lightly below the water and let go, it bounces back lightly, but push it down deep and let go, and the ball pops high out of the water. The markets seems to be much the same.
4. Long-term savings and stock investing is effective through thick and thin. We’ve experienced down markets many times before: the oil embargo of 1973-1974, the crash of 1987, the bursting of the dotcom bubble, and 9/11. But these downturns don’t have to derail your savings and investment plans. Take a look at the graph below which shows how dramatically a hypothetical and very disciplined saver was able to grow his money over 35 years, through all kinds of markets. Our fellow was making $21,000 a year in 1973 and saved and invested 10% a year. Like most of us, he had raises over time and continued to save and invest 10% of his or her pay a year over the last 35 years. In this case, with an aggressive investment mix and steady investing through some volatile times, he ended up with around $1.5 million. Why was he successful? It wasn’t because he could control the market. No one controls the market. But, you can control your level of savings and investment. In the past, these have proven to be a formidable duo, even through times as tough as we face now.
Progress Toward Goal More Important Than Short-Term Performance

5. Stocks Snapback from Fear-Driven Markets. A hackneyed phrase is that investors oscillate between fear and greed. When one emotion gets too powerful relative to the other, stock markets become volatile places. There now exists a method that some believe is a gauge of the collective fear among equity investors. This mirror into the collective soul of the investing public is called the VIX. VIX is actually the ticker symbol assigned to the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index. It measures the expectation of traders as to the volatility of the S&P 500 over the next 30 days. The higher (lower) the VIX the more (less) volatility that is expected.
Since the VIX was introduced in the 1990s, there have been a number of periods where the index has spiked upward. Typically, this has happened after periods of poor performance. The question we asked was: “How does the stock market perform after a period where the VIX has been at unusually high levels?” Let’s first focus on days when the VIX has been above 30. In the four weeks after those periods, the S&P 500 index has been up 4% on average and up 22% in the one year after the VIX has been at that high a level. What’s more interesting is that, if we restrict our focus even further to just those days when the index was 35 or higher, the subsequent upward has been, on average even higher whether we’re looking at four-week or one-year periods. Finally, on rare occasions, the VIX breaches 40. This has tended to be an even more positive development for stocks in the past. Where are we now? The VIX closed at 69.95 on October 10.
Snapback Strength
|
|
Median S&P 500 Total Return
|
|
VIX Greater Than
|
Next Month
|
Next Year
|
|
30
|
+4%
|
+22%
|
|
35
|
+5%
|
+24%
|
|
40
|
+10%
|
+32%
|
While we believe equities should remain a part of the portfolios of many investors, it is important that every investor be thoughtful as to the percentage of their portfolio that should be devoted to stocks. For investors who need their portfolio within a few years, equities are rarely appropriate. For investors who are uncomfortable with the volatility inherent in equity markets, then we suggest they temper their stock exposure with investments in other asset classes (for example, bonds and cash).
It is important that equity investors maintain a diversified portfolio within the equity asset class. Equity investors should diversify across both domestic stocks and foreign stocks, across large company stocks and the stocks of smaller firms. Finally, equity investors should take care that their equity portfolio is not unduly vulnerable to poor performance in any one sector of the economy, or any one stock.
Important Disclosures
An investment in a money market fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although money market funds seek to preserve the value of your investment at $1 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in this type of fund.
The information provided here is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered an individualized recommendation or personalized investment advice. Any investments and strategies mentioned here may not be suitable for everyone. Each investor needs to review an investment strategy for his or her own particular situation before making any investment decision.
All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice in reaction to shifting market conditions. Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable sources. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed.
Examples provided are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to imply future results.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
The Schwab Center for Financial Research is a division of Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.